stats modeling the world chapter 26 answers

For the individual nurse, regardless of whether stress is perceived positively or negatively, the neuroendocrine response yields physiologic reactions that may ultimately contribute to illness. Nevertheless, work stress and burnout remain significant concerns in nursing, affecting both individuals and organizations.

Women continue to juggle multiple roles, including those roles related to the home and family, for which the women may have sole or major responsibility. 18 And yet, nonwork stress may be particularly salient to nursing, a predominantly female profession. 15–17 The effects of both work and nonwork stress among nurses have been studied infrequently. 13, 14 Stress may result from the combined responsibilities of work, marriage, and children. 12 Work life, however, is not independent from family life these domains may even be in conflict. Burnout is typically conceptualized as a syndrome characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. In 1974, Freudenberger 11 coined the term “burnout” to describe workers’ reactions to the chronic stress common in occupations involving numerous direct interactions with people. Since the mid-1980s, however, nurses’ work stress may be escalating due to the increasing use of technology, continuing rises in health care costs, 9 and turbulence within the work environment. The nurse’s role has long been regarded as stress-filled based upon the physical labor, human suffering, work hours, staffing, and interpersonal relationships that are central to the work nurses do. 5–7 Work stress in nursing was first assessed in 1960 when Menzies 8 identified four sources of anxiety among nurses: patient care, decisionmaking, taking responsibility, and change. 4 In fact, occupational stress has been cited as a significant health problem. Nevertheless, stress has been regarded as an occupational hazard since the mid-1950s. 2 Personality traits also influence the stress equation because what may be overtaxing to one person may be exhilarating to another. Each individual’s cognitive appraisal, their perceptions and interpretations, gives meaning to events and determines whether events are viewed as threatening or positive. Stress is not inherently deleterious, however. 19) advocated a psychological view in which stress is “a particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well-being.” For example, Selye 1 proposed a physiological assessment that supports considering the association between stress and illness.

It has been studied from many different frameworks (or perspectives?). Stress has been categorized as an antecedent or stimulus, as a consequence or response, and as an interaction.

Stats modeling the world chapter 26 answers